Since the beginning of its existence as a country, Italy has faced enormous challenges in establishing itself as a unified political and social entity. The geographic, economic, and linguistic differences between its various regions and the artificial manner in which they were amalgamated cre...

The Rise of Communism in Russia Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup that gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians -- the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s (Lutt...

With his views of societies, social change, and critique of capitalism, Karl Marx established new theories about quality of life and man's role in the political and social agenda. Because his writings bared new and plausible conclusions, many modern thinkers, humanists, and moralists quickly embrac...

As WWII ended, the world remained in total disarray. Actual battles onland, sea and air transposed into a new type of war and with new players.USSR ruler Joseph Stalin depicted the globe as a ball cut in half:imperialist and capitalist regimes on one side and the Communist andprogressive world on th...

ANARCHISM: THE ALTERNATIVE TO GOVERNMENTAfter the Middle Ages, Europe entered a stage of monarchy. The birth of the modern European nations occurred under the control of kings, queens, and noblemen. Spain, France and England (most noticeably in Western Europe) and their counterparts, Poland and Ru...

In his introduction to The Lexus and the Olive Tree, published in 1999, Thomas Freidman states that "[t]he world is 10 years old. It was born when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. The Cold War system was replaced by a new, very greased, interconnected system called globalization." As a...

Preface: How has the ninth edition been updated? In this updated edition, certain chapters have in added in light of the attacks of September 11, 2001. There was a chapter added on the foreign policies of Clinton and Yelstin-Putin also, an introduction to the beginnings of George W. Bush's...

Major Sources of Discord between the Bolsheviks and European States: 1917 to 1921There were several major sources that created discord between the Bolsheviks and western states in Europe from 1917 to 1921. Conflicting ideologies that each attacked the very fabric of the other's respective society le...

cold war Major Sources of Discord between the Bolsheviks and European States: 1917 to 1921 There were several major sources that created discord between the Bolsheviks and western states in Europe from 1917 to 1921. Conflicting ideologies that each attacked the very fabric of the other's respective ...

Major Sources of Discord between the Bolsheviks and European States: 1917 to 1921There were several major sources that created discord between the Bolsheviks and western states in Europe from 1917 to 1921. Conflicting ideologies that each attacked the very fabric of the other's respective society le...

Economics SeminarWill the Status of the Roma people improve as the EU enlarges?When I die, you should bury me standing,Because I have been on my knees all my life."Gypsy sayingWho are the gypsies? Are they a tribe? Or maybe a sect? Where do they live? Where do all the myths about them originate? Why...