This paper will outline Spinoza's argument in Part 1 of his Ethics of substance. He argues that there is only one substance, which is the same as God, that includes everything in the universe. It will walk through each proposition and explain his proof of it, which relies of his stated definiti...

"Before the world was made, he chose us, chose us in Christ, to be holy and spotless, and to live through love in his presence, determining that we should become his adopted sons, through Jesus Christ." (Eph. I, 4-5). These powerful words of St. Paul in his first letter to the Ephesians, I think...

The Kalam Cosmological ArgumentThe major modern proponent of the 'kalam cosmological argument', William Lane Craig, sets out the argument as follows:1.Whatever began to exist has a cause of its existence.2.The universe began to exist.3.Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence.(Craig 2003...